Flint has been used as a building material in the UK for thousands of years, particularly in regions where it is naturally abundant, such as East Anglia, Kent, Sussex, and parts of the Midlands.
Prehistoric & Roman Use – Flint was first used in prehistoric structures, such as Neolithic long barrows and defensive walls. The Romans also incorporated flint into their buildings, often combining it with brick or stone for strength.
Medieval Period (11th–16th centuries) – Flint became widely used in medieval churches, castles, and walls, particularly in southern England. Knapped (squared) flint was often combined with limestone or sandstone for decorative effects, as seen in Norfolk and Suffolk churches. The technique of flushwork (flint set in contrast with smooth stone) became especially popular in East Anglia.
17th–19th centuries During this period, flint remained a common material for rural cottages, barns, and boundary walls. It was often combined with brick or timber frames to create aesthetically pleasing and durable structures.
Victorian Era & Beyond – The Victorians revived flint building in Gothic Revival architecture, using it for churches, civic buildings, and railway stations.
Today, flint remains a popular material in conservation projects and modern homes looking to maintain traditional aesthetics.
Flintwork is also used in the repair of historic buildings, especially churches. This often involves reusing old flints, or visiting a pit to select the required flints.
Flintwork in the UK exhibits a variety of local styles and techniques, each adapted to regional materials and traditions.
There are currently two types of flintknapping in the UK:
The fixing of flint is also a specialist skill in itself.
There is no formal industry standard for training in flintwork. However, several organisations offer short courses:
Companies employing two or more makers
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